This Funding Opportunity Announcement seeks applications to develop and demonstrate integrated bench scale technology and/or process improvements, from pretreatment to substitutes for petroleum-based feedstocks, products and fuels, that better the economics and efficiency of biochemical conversion process. Typical improvements could be in enzyme production and efficiency (cellulases, hemicellulases, etc); fuel synthesis cost and efficiency (fermentation organisms, catalysts, etc); and specific improvements to the feedstock pretreatment or conditioning steps when operated in an integrated fashion.